Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Section 7 - Essay Example However, he had one downside and that was his young age and the absence of experience. Patrick attracted motivation from the narrative of David the Bible to take on his matured and experienced enemy, and against the â€Å"Experience Counts† trademark of his foe, he built up the correct counter motto â€Å"Our Future †¦Right Here, Right Now†, demonstrating the appearance of the new age. The fight for political control among the African Americans between the Civil Rights age and the Hip Hop age taking another bend. Patrick proceeded to win and become the Mayor of Detroit. Comparative situations were growing somewhere else as well, as in Newark, where new age Corey Booker tested old gatekeeper Sharpe James. Corey Booker may have lost the vote by thin edge, however his endeavors alongside that of Patrick represented the test that the more youthful age were presenting to the more established age across urban America. Patrick is glad to be known as a hip bounce city hall leader, a title for a youthful age chairman, steady of hip jump legislative issues. Be that as it may, as a city hall leader Patrick has endeavored to exhibit obligation to the electorate, by focusing on the issues of the youngsters and residents of Detroit.

Experiment Proving Carbohydrate Intake Delays Fatigue Essay -- Biology

The objective of this logical investigation was to decide whether the postponed beginning of weariness, because of expending sugars, was related with halting muscle glycogen consumption. Along these lines, this site page is committed to introducing the significant purposes of the examination and to develop those thoughts so as to envelop a progressively broad capacity of sugars in our every day exercises. The fundamental layout of the examination comprised of a benchmark group and a test gathering; the two gatherings contained continuance prepared cyclists who had fasted in advance. The cyclists were required to keep up a steady 70% vigorous outstanding burden while they cycled. The benchmark group was given a sweet beverage that didn't do the trick as a vitality source; the beverage contained aspartame (NutraSweet) which has no healthy benefit. The other beverage contained healthfully helpful sugar that had a similarly sweet flavor. Cyclists were not told which drink they were getting. This was done to evade predispositions, (for example, cycling more earnestly with the starch drink to please the researchers) from entering the trial and therefore debasing the information. Muscle biopsies to quantify muscle glycogen were taken before excercise, following 2 and 3 hours of activity, and at the hour of weakness (when the cyclists could no longer work at 70% of their high-impact limit). Blood tests were additionally taken at regular intervals and upon weakness. These blood tests were utilized to quantitatively examine the glucose levels in the blood at the different occasions. The consequences of this investigation were that starch feedings during delayed exercise postponed weakness by 60 minutes. As observed by the consequences of the starch taking care of during the bicyclists' broad exercise, glycogen usage isn't saved in ... ... more investigation Another clinical investigation was additionally finished with Carbo-Crunch Bars by Shaklee. Cyclists accelerating at a vivacious pace for over three hours got Carbo-Crunch Bars and water or water alone. The speed was then gone up to run pace. The individuals who had been drinking water and eating the Carbo-Crunch Bars had the option to most recent 24 minutes while those members who had gotten just water gone on for a normal of 2 minutes. Results: These clinical investigations of Shaklee items show that starches help to drag out the beginning of exhaustion to prop the competitor up. Starch items have become so famous that canines can even get Power Bones, an item offering hounds an explosion of vitality from glucose and continuance from sugars. The normal admission of starches during exercise help to keep body-sugar levels consistent and delay the beginning of weakness.

Help Writing Essays For College

Help Writing Essays For CollegeAre you looking for help writing essays for college? This article will help you.Essays are one of the toughest parts of any college course. Writing essays on a topic is not an easy task and requires lots of practice to get good at it.Students who do not take time to practice writing essays will likely end up being frustrated at times and this will not be a good thing in the long run. One way to avoid this is to find resources available to help you with your writing needs. In fact, there are many websites that can help you out with essays and can even be used to help you complete some requirements in college.When trying to write an essay, it is best to first know how the topic is presented. How is the topic written and by whom? These questions help the writer to figure out what the topic should be and it can determine how the essay will be written.Another way to help you decide on how to write an essay is to read through some of the examples that are pro vided. The examples may seem silly at times, but once the writer gets the idea that writing essays is possible, he or she will be amazed by the different types of essays. Sometimes if the writer will see something that seems so outlandish it is his or her opportunity to throw it away and try something else.One thing that a student must remember is that writing is all about style. The style of the essay will vary depending on who is writing it. Some essays may be informal, while others may be formal. The writer must be aware of this and just as important, the writer must be willing to use different types of style to fit the situation.Once the writer has decided on his or her own style, the essay can be drafted to fit the type of paper that is being handed in. It is important to be sure to give your essay a title, so that it will be easier to put together. The title will also make it easier to determine what it is, since the title should be the same for each student in order to make i t more uniform.One last thing to consider is that you should give your essay a title to make it easier to follow and for the essay to make sense to the reader. Since the title should be similar for each student, it will make the paper more consistent and easier to follow.

Is Attending The Most Difficult Times For An American...

Attending college is undoubtedly one of the most difficult times for an American student. Going to college places a lot of stress and emotional burden on students due to massive amounts of coursework, looming tuition bills, extracurricular activities, jobs, moving away from home for the first time, and maintaining a sufficient sleep schedule. Major stress and anxiety can lead to more serious consequences such as the choice to heavily consume alcohol, which yields detrimental physiological and psychological effects. Students typically struggle to find recourse for help with alcohol on campus. There needs to be more adequate resources for prevention and intervention available to students who struggle with managing stress and anxiety and addiction to alcohol. Sheer amounts of pressure and anxiety overwhelm college students. Usually the first stressors students encounter are on move-in day. The first day of college means leaving home, making new friends, and saying good-bye to parents. A survey conducted at a large state university reported that 45% of entering freshmen felt lonely or homesick (Vye, Scholljegerdes, and Welch p. 44). Many students feel several social anxieties as well. For instance, sharing a room with a random student can be very stressful and difficult. Other students feel pressured to fit in on campus in order to make several friends as soon as possible. Social anxiety can even affect course selections. Students with anxiety will often select courses thatShow MoreRelatedThe Rising Cost of Education1737 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment plays in funding education for low-income students. Higher education remains a potentially valuable investment, but the rising cost of education is diminishing the net worth of graduates, h urting the economy, and creating a host of social ills. College and university students are borrowing more money, more often. About 60% of all graduates have borrowed to fund their education, up from 52% in 1996 (Hinze-Pifer Fry, 2010). Students are also borrowing more money when they do take outRead MoreWho Is The American Dream?1326 Words   |  6 Pageslarge amount of cash at a young age, are unlikely. Therefore, they are not realistic or practical ways to achieve success and certainly no way to achieve the American Dream. Critical to ensuring any chance of achieving the â€Å"American Dream† in this day and age is to obtain a college education. Although it is possible to attain without attending college, it is extremely unlikely. For those with an education, the dream still at least has a pulse. For the majority of people who either do not think theyRead MoreStudent Debt Crisis And The Housing Crisis920 Words   |  4 Pages There is a critical financial trend in the United States: student debt is at an all-time high. For the first time in mid- 2013, student debt rose to 830 billion, surpassing the credit-card debt (Clemmitt). Many economists and scholars compare the student debt crisis to the housing bubble, which resulted in a nationwide recession 2008. In a senate hearing regarding the current student debt crisis, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan said, â€Å"The warning signs are there, just like they were beforeRead MoreThe High Cost Of College1470 Words   |  6 Pagesemotions a student has during his or her first year of college. There is also an unspoken pressure that comes with the accomplishment. One cannot forget the financial troubles that a person is going to put themselves in the hopes of being able to attain a steady career. There are many challenges placed upon college students; college alone in its self is a challenge. Also, a family who is not well endowed does not have the luxury to be able to afford the high cost of college. The majority of the time, firstRead MoreThe Cost Benefits Of Higher Education1264 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide students with an excess amount of knowledge and information to find a career of their interest. Unfortunately, not everyone receives what they had expected from attending college and to some it has made them worst off. And, because of those negative outcomes advocated like Goldie Blumenstyk the author of â€Å"American Higher education in Crisis† explains why it happens and what to think of them. There ar e many complaints regarding higher education such as, the high expenses of attending, not beingRead MoreCollege Tuition Should Not Be Paid960 Words   |  4 Pagespublic universities. Not only that, but thirty-seven million Americans have outstanding student debt and thirty-seven percent of college students look for a job requiring no higher than a high school diploma AFTER they graduate. Tuition has tripled, graduates have outstanding student debt, and in addition to that, graduates look for menial jobs where even a high school diploma is not necessary. College expenses definitely adversely affect students and graduates in the long run. The average tuition ratesRead MoreGraduation Speech : A College Application And Writing An Essay Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe start of the students’ senior year in high school, where things are known to get real. That is the time where they prepare to graduate as well as get ready for college. Filling out a college application and writing an essay is the easy part, but deciding on whether to attend an HBCU or PWI is where things get difficult. Many students in the generation of the 21st century know nothing about the birth of an HBCU or PWI. Children now are making decisions based off of who is attending where, and howRead MoreThe Education For Alien Minors Act1332 Words   |  6 PagesMany immigrants come to America in an effort to achieve a better life, and with hopes of achieving the â€Å"American Dream†. Many adults are grateful for any work that pays, but for their children the hopes are to get an education and become what they could not. Even with thes e opportunities many children of undocumented citizens are finding that once they complete high school their efforts of attending college are all but a dream. To assist this population the Development, Relief, and Education for AlienRead MoreMotivation : Motivation For College Students1688 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation for College Students Isaiah Hernandez Estrella Mountain Community College Psychology 101 March 10th, 2017 Motivation for College Students Introduction Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. (Cherry, 2016) Motivation plays the role in everyday lives. Ones motivation to do something differs fromRead MoreThe Question Of Quality Of Adjunct Professors913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Question of Quality in Adjunct Professors Imagine yourself attending your English class but find that your instructor is improperly prepared because they were hired only days before school began. Or sending an email message to your chemistry professor asking to meet during their office hours but have to meet at a local coffee shop because they aren’t provided with an office space. Or attending a biology review session in which your teacher is slightly distracted because they are unable to pay

Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities - 2524 Words

IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) DIPLOMA OF BUSINESS Candidate s Name : | M. Turab Hussain | Assessor s Name : | | Student ID : | | | | | | Submission Date: | | Table of Content History KFC (formerly known as Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a trademark franchise of Yum! Brands, Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States .Founded by Col. Harland Sanders, KFC is known mainly for his fried chicken, which is usually served in a bucket. Col. Sanders began selling fried chicken at his gas station in the year 1939 in Corbin, Kentucky which subsequently moved to a motel. He closed his business in the late 1940s when the Interstate highway through town. In†¦show more content†¦KFC share price increased 13% for the full year, on top of 20% in 2011. Looking back, they are extremely proud that their five year average annual shareholder return, including stock appreciation and dividend reinvestment, is 14% versus the Samp;P 500 average of 2%. The track record of consistency which they believe is a result of getting better and better at executing the same growth strategies they identified over a decade ago. So as tempting as it might be to unveil some new revolutionary thinking that will drive company’s growth. KFC is a fast food restaurant chain, which specializes in fried chicken. It is the world s largest fried chicken chain with over 17,000 outlets in 105 countries and territories as of December 2011. Name | Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) | Industries served | Restaurants | Geographic areas served | Worldwide | Headquarters | U.S. | Current CEO | Roger Eaton | Revenue | $9.5 Billion(2012) | Profit | N/A | Employees | N/A | Parent | YUM! Brands | Main Competitors | McDonald’s Corporation, Burger King Worldwide Inc., Subway, Wendy’s Company. | KFC’s Range of Products KFC sells its products in different deals for example KFC’s Signature Taste, KFC’s Streetwise Menu, Meals for Family etc. Its main products which it sells under the mentioned deals are all the fast food snacks which include Burgers, Rolls, Roasted Chicken pieces and Fries. Marketing Strategy KFCShow MoreRelatedIdentify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities1314 Words   |  6 Pages| Identify And Evaluate Marketing Opportunities | Task 2 – Individual Case Study Assignment | | 1 List ways that Dell conducts research on its customers to continually improve products and services. What are the features of Dell’s research? Dell uses two ways to conduct research. Customer Advisory Panel (CAP) and Day Customer Spotlights on Dell.com, it offers customers with wanted informal and formal information. The company wants to create customer answers to explicit thoughtsRead MoreIdentify And Evaluate Marketing Opportunities1201 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify and evaluate marketing opportunities Task 2 1. Explain marketing opportunities. Provide an example Market opportunity refers to a condition that a business can take advantage of a changing trend in the market that has not yet been discovered by its competitors. A changing trend can be an increase in demand for a product by a given demographic group in that market. The existence of a market opportunity is dependent on the ability of the company to identify its potential customers, what areRead MoreIdentify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities3250 Words   |  13 PagesBSBMKG 501B IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES JISOO PARK Cotton on- Australian based clothing retailer Profile The Cotton On brand was founded on the surf coast of Victoria Australia in 1991 with a single store and a handful of employees. In 14 years the company has grown to over 70 retail stores Australia wide, with a further 20 stores planned for the 05/06 financial year. Primarily, Cotton On operates as a ‘design to retail’ business allowing huge flexibility over the designRead MoreIdentify And Evaluate Marketing Opportunities2118 Words   |  9 PagesIdentify and evaluate marketing opportunities Part 1: Research and identify possible marketing opportunities: Review of the Marketing Plan: The Westend Market Hotel, Sunshine North, Victoria, is a representative of one of the most known brand within the â€Å"exclusive business hotels of Australia. All of the hotels offers an exquisite quality service and mouthwatering food throughout Australia. Some hotels also offers stay along with pokies, TAB, Bistros and play areas for kids. The westend market propertyRead MoreIdentify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Activity 2. BSBMKG501B Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities. Question 1. Dell provides the customer the ability to leave feedback on their website when the customer †¢ Searches for products and services. †¢ Purchases a product or service. †¢ Popup Questionnaire while browsing the website. †¢ Support forums for customers to communicate with staff and other customers. †¢ Online Chat via the Dell website. Dell have created a channel with customers using ‘Ideastorm’ which givesRead MoreIdentify And Evaluate Marketing Opportunities BSBMKG501B5284 Words   |  22 PagesDiploma of marketing AssementBSBMKG501B Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities Stefan Frener UITW06799 Page 1 of 19 Activity 1. 1. Identify marketing opportunities -Legal requirements -Freetrade contracts -Market trends -Comparative market information -Profitability -Customer requirements -Ethical requirements -New and emerging markets -Competitor performance -Sales figures 2. Trends revealed by sales data -The sold units and the sales value of dairy are declining -The average profitRead MoreDell Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesaccessories associated with each Dell brand. By giving customers this wide range of choice, the end-product is distinctively ‘created’ for the customer’s individual needs and personality. 5. What does return on investment mean in relation to Dells marketing campaign and how is it measured ? The return on investment (ROI) measures a companys profitability and its managements ability to generate profits from the funds investors have placed at its disposal. The return on investment measures how effectivelyRead MoreCurrent Marketing Performance1166 Words   |  5 PagesBSBMKG608A: Develop organisational marketing objectives Description This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to conduct a strategic analysis to develop organisational marketing objectives. This involves reviewing the organisation s internal and external environments, evaluating past and current marketing performance, and exploring and evaluating new marketing opportunities. No licensing, legislative, regulatory or certification requirements apply to this unit atRead MoreEssay on Marketing Strategies970 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://www.intel.com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads.aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ DetermineRead MoreThe Consumer Of A Consumer982 Words   |  4 Pagesthe need for communication may raise the need for laptop for a consumer. The main difference between organizational decision-making is that their need and problems are larger than households, in addition, the organizational will involve a group to identify the problem or need. Information search – the consumer searches for possible information, which can aid to solving the problem of satisfying the needs. The search of the information will be related to the complexity of the needs and choices available

Deep Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Deep Allegory in Young Goodman Brown Herman Melville in â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses† (The Literary World August 17, 24, 1850), comments on the deep allegory found within Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Young Goodman Brown? You would of course suppose that it was a simple little tale, intended as a supplement to Goody Two Shoes. Whereas, it is deep as Dante; nor can you finish it, without addressing the author in his own words--It is yours to penetrate, in every bosom, the deep mystery of sin. And with Young Goodman, too, in allegorical pursuit of his Puritan wife, you cry out in your anguish. . . . The use of allegory in his short stories is characteristic of Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the†¦show more content†¦Stanley T. Williams in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind† states that the author was always â€Å"perfecting his delicate craft of the symbol, of allegory† (42). A. N. Kaul states : â€Å"In an effort to apprehend and adequately reflect the new complexity of man’s life, he [Hawthorne] molded the venerable – in his case directly inherited – allegorical method into the modern technique of symbolism† (3). M. H. Abrams defines an allegory as a â€Å"narrative, whether in prose or verse, in which the agents and actions, and sometimes the setting as well, are contrived by the author to make coherent sense on the ‘literal,’ or primary, level of signification, and at the same time to signify a second, correlated order of signification† (5). It is quite obvious from the names of the characters in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† that their names are contrived to give a secondary signification. Goodman is on the primary level a simple husband who is following his curiosity about evil; on the level of secondary signification he is Everyman or the new Adam: R. W. B. Lewis in â€Å"The Return into Rime: Hawthorne† states: Finally, it was Hawthorne who saw in American experience the re-creation of the story of Adam and who . . . exploited the active metaphor of the American as Adam – before and during and after the Fall† (72). Goodman responds in this wa y to the fellow-traveler when the latter implicates the governor in devilish deeds: Can this be so! cried Goodman Brown, with a stare of amazement at hisShow MoreRelatedYoung Goodman Brown Analysis876 Words   |  4 PagesHawthorne’s story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† appears to be a story about original sin with a lot of symbolism tied in to make it an allegory. An allegory is a story that can be interpreted in different ways to find the hidden meaning behind the symbolism in the story. The three things focused on throughout the short story is Faith, the forest that Goodman Brown takes his journey through, and the staff, which the old man who leads Goodman Brown on his way carries. The short story, â€Å"Young Goodman BrownRead MoreAllegory in Young Goodman Brown Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown is an excellent example of an allegory. Allegories use events, characters or symbolism as a bizarre or abstract representation of ideas in the story, and throughout Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne uses a hea vy amount of symbolism, as well as his characters and the events of the story line to develop a religious allegory. A large symbolic role is played by protagonist Goodman Browns wife, Faith. Also, the main event in the short story, BrownsRead MoreEssay on Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and its Author1272 Words   |  6 Pages     Ã‚   Initially, of course, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literary works went unranked among those of other American and British writers. But his reputation grew gradually even among contemporary critics, until he was recognized as a â€Å"man of genius.† Edgar Allen Poe, in a review of Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† which had been written 12 years prior, said in Godeys Ladys Book, November, 1847, no. 35, pp. 252-6: It was never the fashion (until lately) to speak of him in any summary of our bestRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesambiguous and complex approach to writing. Hawthornes New England heritage has, at times, been said to be the contributing factor in his works. The Puritan view of life itself was considered to be allegorical, their theology rested primarily on the idea of predestination and the separation of the saved and the damned As evident from Hawthornes writings his intense interest in Puritanical beliefs often carried over to his novels such as, Young Goodman Brown, The Scarlet Letter, and The Ministers BlackRead More Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         There is no end to the ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†; this essay hopes to explore this problem.    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† makes a statement regarding Hawthorne’s ambiguity:      Almost all of Hawthorne’s finest stories are remote in time or place. The glare of contemporary reality immobillized his imagination. He required shadows and half-light, and he sought a nervous equilibriumRead More Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† portrays the growth of Young Goodman Brown through vivid symbolic setting. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory in which the setting is very important to the theme of the story. Throughout the narration, detailed setting and emblematic characters surround Goodman Brown. Goodman Brown is an Everyman character, which could be any one of us, struggling with his Puritan heritage, more specifically his spiritualRead More Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main characters consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthornes interpretation of Browns mid-lifeRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher2041 Words   |  9 Pagesstill quite popular today. One of Hawthorne’s most popular short stories include the writing of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† What makes Hawthorne so progressive in today’s literary world is the fact that he makes a smooth transition from symbolism to allegory in his writings. Edgar Allan Poe uses a more gothic style of writing that gives his science fiction literature unique character. One of Poe’s more popular stories is â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which he uses deep symbolism and imagery to tellRead More Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1468 Words   |  6 PagesAbsence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   Lo! There ye stand, my children, said the figure, in a deep and solemn tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelis nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. Depending on one anothers hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now ye are undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your raceRead MoreEssay on The Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ambiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†      Ã‚  Ã‚     The literary critics agree that there is considerable ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† This essay intends to illustrate the previous statement and to analyze the cause of this ambiguity.    Henry James in Hawthorne, when discussing â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† comments on how imaginative it is, then mentions how allegorical Hawthorne is, and how allegory should be expressed clearly:    I frankly confess that I have

Maurya and Gupta Empire free essay sample

08/08/11 12:57 AM Indus valley to the Pre-British era : 1. Indus Valley 2. Maurya Dynasty 3. Gupta Empire 4. Mughal Empire 5. Mewar Dynasty 6. Vijayanagar Empire 7. Maratha Empire 8. Ahom Kingdom 9. Kushan Dynasty 10. Satavahana Dynasty I. MAURYA DYNASTY COSTUME Men and women continued to wear three unstitched garments, as in Vedic times. The main garment was the antariya of white cotton, linen or flowered muslin, sometimes embroidered in gold and precious stones. For men, it was an unstitched length of cloth draped around the hips and between the legs in the kachcha style, extending from the waist to the calf or ankles or worn even shorter by peasants and commoners. The antariya was secured at the waist by a sash or kayabandh, often tied in a looped knot at the center front of the waist. The kayabandh could be simple sash, vethaka; one with drum-headed knot at the ends, muraja; a very elaborate band of embroidery, flat and ribbon-shaped, pattika; or a many-stringed one, kalabuka. The third item of clothing called uttariya was another length of material, usually fine cotton, very rarely silk, which was utilized as a long scarf to drape the top half of the body. uttariya was worn in several ways to suit the comforts of the wearer: very elegantly by those at court, who drape it on both shoulders or one shoulder, or diagonally across the chest and casually knotted at the waist, or it could even be worn loosely across the back and supported by the elbows or wrist, and in many other ways according to the whims of the weather. But for the labourer and the craftsman, it was more a practical garment to be tied around the head as protection from sun, or tightly around the waist leaving the hands free for work, or again as a towel to mop the face when sweating. Its uses were endless for the poor sections of the society and for them it would be made of coarse cotton. Women tied their antariya in different ways. Originally opaque, it later became more and more transparent. A simple small antariya or strip of cloth, langoti was attached to the kayabandh at the center front, and then passed between the legs and tucked in at the back. A longer version of the antariya was the knee-length one, being first wrapped around and secured at the waist, the longer end then pleated and tucked in at the front, and the shorter end finally drawn between the legs, Kachcha style, and tucked in at the waist at the back. Another version, the lehnga style, was a length of cloth wrapped around the hips tightly to form a tabular type of skirt. This was not drawn between the legs in the kachcha style. The uttariyas of upper-class women were generally of thin material decorated with elaborated borders and quite often worn as a head covering. Their kayabandhs were very similar to those of the men. In addition, they sometimes wore a patka, a decorative piece of cloth attached to the kayabandh in front by tucking in one end at the waist. The patka was made from plaited wool or cotton, twisted yarn or leather, and at times it was also woven. Although, footwear is often mentioned in Vedic literature there is no sculptural evidence for this period, except in the case of soldiers who wear the Persian boot. It may be because shoes could not be taken inside a stupa or Buddhist temple, that they were not depicted on the sculptures on stupas. In the more remote villages and jungles, shepherds, hunters and people of similar occupations were mostly aboriginal or belonged to the lowest caste. They generally wore simple unbleached coarse varieties of the cotton antariya and turbans, much the same as we find today, and the practice of tattooing was fairly common. The more primitive tribes who lived in the forest wore garments made from grass (Kusa), skin, and fur. Headgear and Hairstyles Women generally covered their heads with the uttariya, worn straight or crosswise, often resplendent with beautiful borders. The hair, centrally parted, was made into one or two plaits or in a large knot at the back. The uttariya could be worn simply hanging down at the back or secured to the head with a headband, or with one end arranged in a fan at the top of the head. Skullcaps were sometimes worn under or over the uttariya to keep it in place, or at times it could be decorated with a fringe or pendants. Helmets too are seen as headgear for phrygian women who probably wore long-sleeved tunic with tight fitting trousers and a phrygian cap which was conical and had ear flaps. In India, the Amazons wore in addition, the crossed-at-chest belt vaikaksha, with metal buckles, shield, and sword. Women sometimes used turbans of decorated cloth. As regards male headgear, in the early Maureen period there is no trace of the turban mauli, but in the Sunga period we find great emphasis on this form of male head dress. These were remarkable headdresses in which the hair itself was often twisted into a braid along with the turban cloth. This twisted braid was then arranged to form a protuberance at the front or the side of the head but never at the center top, as only priests could use this style. Over the turban a band was sometimes used to hold it in place. In addition, decorative elements like a jewelled brooch or a jhalar (fringe) could be attached to the turban, or one end folded in pleats and tucked in like a fan. Jewellery From the sculptures we find there was a richness and profusion in the jewellery worn by both men and women. Earlier, it had a massive quality to it and the workmanship was coarse. A little later, with the Sungas, the jewellery became somewhat refined. In the Arthashastra attributed to Kautilya, and in the sculptures of the period we find references which show us that the material used most frequently were gold and precious stones like corals, rubies, sapphires, agates, and crystals. Pearls too were used and beads of all kinds were plentiful including those made of glass. Certain ornaments were common to both sexes, like earrings, necklaces, armlets, bracelets and embroidered belts. Earring or karnika were of three types-a simple ring or circle called Kundala, a circular disc earring known as dehri and earrings with a flower-like shape known as Karnaphul. Necklaces of two kinds were worn. A short one called Kantha which was broad and flat, usually gold, inlaid with precious stones, and a long one, the lambanam. These chain or bead necklaces were sometimes three-toseven stringed and were named after the number of strings of which they were composed. At the centre of each string of beads was an amulet for warding off evil forces. Baju band or armlets of gold and silver beads were worn on the upper arm, and were occasionally studded with precious stones. Bracelets called Kangan, very often made of square or round beads of gold, and richly embroidered cloth belts completed the male ensemble. Women, in addition, wore girdle called mekhala, a hip belt of multi-stringed beads, originally made from the red seed kaksha but now made of gold and silver beads, with shapes ranging from round to square and oval. Dancing girls added on to these, chains of gold and silver to which bells were attached. All women wore anklets and thumb and finger rings. The rings were plain and crowded together on the middle joints of the fingers. Anklets were often of gold in this period, though silver was more common. They could be in the form of a simple ring, Kara, a thick chain, sankla, oran ornamental circle with small bells called ghungru. There is no evidence of nose-rings in the period. Forehead ornaments for women were quite common and worn below the parting of the hair and at the center of the fore-head. These consisted of thin plate of gold or silver stamped in various patterns, as well as a star-shaped sitara and bina. And a tiny ornament called bindi. The only material evidence we have of a piece of Mauryan jewellery is a single earring found at Taxila dated second century BC which similar to Graeco-Roman and Etruscan Jewellery. Military Costume Sewn garments which had been used by the Persian soldiers were sometimes utilized for military dress by the Mauryans. This consisted of a sleeved tunic with cross straps across the chest to carry the quiver, and a leather belt with sword. The lower garment was more often the Indian antariya rather than the Persian trousers. The headgear was usually the turban or headband, whereas the Persians had worn the pointed cap. The mixture of foreign and indigenous garments is interesting as it shows one of the early phases of evolution in the costumes of Indians. This came about in the colder north, where the Persian garments were more suitable, climatically and functionally, in case of soldiers. Although, coats of mail are mentioned in the Arthshastra there is no visual evidence of it in this period. SIMPLER EXPLANATION The Costumes of this period began to be divided in three parts: †¢ Antariya †¢ Uttariya †¢ Kayabandh These three terms were widely being used. Antariya is the lower piece of garment, which was made up of white cotton or linen. It was an unstitched piece of cloth tied around the waist in the kaccha style i. e. it passed from between the legs and extended upto the hips or ankle according to their occupation. Kayabandh was a sash which was placed to keep the Antariya in place. In modern terminology we call it a belt. It was given different names like kalabuka, muraja, pattika all these were tied in different manner around the waist. Uttariya draped the top half of the body . It was usually made up of cotton and very rarely silk and was worn in many different ways it was wrapped around either the shoulders or only on one shoulder and tied at the waist with a knot. The peasant tied the Uttariya around their head so that it does not interfere with the work they do. The Uttariya, Antariya and the Kayabandh were the three pieces of unstitched garments that came from the Vedic times. II. GUPTA EMPIRE : 4th mid 8th century The Gupta period is known as the Golden age because it was a very prosperous period in which trade and commerce flourished and it lasted for more than two century it was a very vast kingdom which covered most of the north and the west of India. The costumes worn during the Gupta period was mainly stitched. Stitched garments began to be linked with royalty and in the gupta coins also we see the king in the Kushan dress that was a coat, trouser and boots. But the influence of stitched garments was in the north only the people of the Deccan continued to wear unstitched garments and even the indigenous people of the Gupta period. The Brocade tunic was worn by the ministers, door-keepers and guards and a simpler version of the tunic which was white calf length tunic was worn by the chamberline and with it chaddar was worn. Below the Kancuka Antariya was worn. Kayabandh and ushnisa (turban) continued to be worn. Female costumes exact source is not known as there was a wide variety in it. The Antariya was 4-8 yards long and 18-36 inches wide and was worn in several different ways. It was worn in the kaccha style and the lehenga styles in the lehenga style it dint pass from between the legs. It was widely worn as calf length,it was wrapped around at the right side of the waist and tucked in at the left side of the waist. Ankle length Antariya was worn by the nobility. Another form of wearing the Antariya was in the form of the Indonesian sarong. Another was a skirt known as Bhairnivasini which was stitched from one side and was gathered at the waist and was tabular in shape. Flared skirt known as Ghagri was also seen, which is mostly worn by lambadan today. Women wore drawers which were langoti type and were known as Ardhoruka. This was introduced by women aesthetics and Jain nuns wore four of these which acted like the â€Å"chasity belt†. In this period women started covering their upper half of their body this also could be because they might have seen foreigners covering their breasts and they seemed to look more attractive by covering it rather than exposing it. So they started wearing different types of choli with back open or strings attached at the back. The Uttariya continued to remain but it became sheerer during this age. Headgear and Hairstyles Simple plaits were no longer visible, and hair was so elaborately dressed at times, that the help of maid-servant who were expert hair-dressers was obviously essential. There were seemed to be broadly two styles of foreign origin, while the complicated ways of dressing long hair were mainly derived from South Indian and Deccani styles. The latter became extremely popular in the Gupta age. The use of to darken gums and lips, and henna to redden the palm and soles of the feet was fairly prevalent. Of foreign origin was the short hair, which was sometimes frizzed in front with luxuriant ringlets quite unlike anything seen today, or just left hanging loose to the shoulders or lower, held by a fillet or a chaplet of flowers. The indigenous style showed itself in long hair worn in a bun either high or low on the neck or knotted at the side of the head, or with the coil wound on the left on top of the head. The bun itself was something a simple tight knot, at other times in the shape of the figure eight, or large and loosely wound, but almost always surrounded by flowers or had large lotus blossoms tucked into it. In addition, there could be a, jewelled net or a net of pearls called , worn over the bun. Tiaras were often used with short or long hair, and pearl string could define the parting of the hair, as could be jewelled band. Fillets both simple and elaborate were commonly used to hold back short hair. Turbans too had not disappeared completely and women wore them very effectively, sometimes made of brocade or striped material, and completely covering the hair. The profuse use of flowers cannot be overemphasized in this period. Besides surrounding the bun they were used as tiaras, and in as many ways to dress the hair as could conceivably be imagined by the women wearing them. In the Deccan, hair styles of the lower classes (even those belonging to the menial orders) or the peasant women could be as elaborate as those of the higher-class women. For men, a tiara or crown with a band inset with pearls and something festooned with garlands replaced the turban. This slowly became more common for the king when informally dressed in indigenous garments; attendants wore this as well with shoulder-length hair. On the Gupta coins, however, the king is shown in dress and wears a skull cap or helmet as headgear. The king probably used this latter costume on formal occasions, which required military regalia, or at sports like hunting. In royal entourage, the turban continued to be worn by high officials, like the chamberlain, ministers, military officers, civic officials and so on, where it had become a distinctive symbol of their respective ranks. It could be of fine muslin tied over a large knot of hair at the centre of the forehead or a striped turban worn flat and twisted giving a rope-like effect to the cloth when wound. The ministers were often Brahmins with all their hair shorn keeping only the ritual top knot. Generally, hair was worn loose by men, shoulder-length and curled, in the style, sometimes with a head band to hold it in place, or adorned with a strand of pearls. Very short hair was also fairly common and looked much like the hair worn today except that clear parting in the hair was seldom visible. There were, however, fashions in the dressing of men’s hair, which was sometimes cut unevenly at the edges, giving the appearance of a wig; at other times the earlier form of a top knot was employed, but n a more decorative manner, using only a portion of the hair, the rest hanging in curls to the shoulder. JEWELLERY Gold or hirana was more commonly used than ever before, especially in the Deccan where there were gold mines. Gold ornaments for both men and women were exquisitely made, acquiring a new delicacy as beaten work, filigree work and twisted wire was skillfully combined with jew elsparticularly pearls. Kundala was the general term for earrings, which were mainly for two types, both of which were circular. One was a large ring type and other was a button type, karnaphul, with a plain or decorated surface. The bali, a small gold wire circlet worn on the upper part of the ear with pearls strung on it, or two pearls and one emerald, is still popular. Large ring-type earring later developed pendants that shook with the movements of the head and were called kancuka-kundala or ‘tremulous earring’. The sutra was a chain for the neck. When made of gold with precious stones in the centre, it was called hemasutra. But this was the era of the pearls necklaces or muktavali a single strand of small pearls was the haravsti, one of big pearls, the tarahara, and one with gem in the centre of the pearl was known as sudha ekavali. However, it was the glorious vijayantika, a necklace made from a successive series of pearls, rubies, emeralds, blue stones and diamonds, that was most sought after. The nishka or coin necklace also continued to be popular. Upper arm ornaments were known as the angada and keyura, the former like a coiled snake, and the latter, a cylinder made of filigree work or inset with pearls. Bracelets, valaya were generally simple or inset with pearls. Bangles of conch shell or ivory were worn in set graded sizes, like those used by primitive and folk people today. Finger rings, anguliya were of gold or studded with precious stones, ratnanguliya. Tiaras-kirita and crownmukuta were worn by men and women of the nobility and were particularly splendid, often having pearls suspended from them so as to delicately surround the face. All the above ornaments were common to both men and women. These were jewelled girdles, anklets, and an attractive ornament of two strings of pearls or flowers, worn crosswise on the chest and back, in the vaikaksha style. It was sometimes held by a clasp at the centre. A very provocative garter-like ornament, the pada-patra, was sometimes worn by women on the upper part of the thigh. This ornament could be quite decorative with festoons of pearls and other ornamentation. The mekhala or girdle was worn by women quite low on the hips and suspended from the katisutra. The latter was probably a string tied at the waist and hidden under the upper edge of the antariya, in which it was rolled. The mekhala hung in a seductive clasp at the centre from this string, over or under which hung a small pleated frill of cloth. This is still seen in the Bharata Natyam dancer’s costume of today. Men to hold the antariya used a simple straight belt or sometimes above it, which could have a buckle either square, round, rosette-shaped, or rectangular. On the women’s ankles the kinkini, with its small bells, tinkled as they moved, or there nupura (anklet) could be made from jewelled beads, maninupura. Although women of all classes wore anklets, they are not seen on the feet of goddesses in sculpture. Flowers in the form of necklaces, mala, were worn on the head, entwined in the hair, and looped around the neck or waist or worn crosswise in garlands on the chest. The mala was usually made of fragrant kadamba flowers. Kings wore chaplets of white flowers even on military expeditions and officials of state tucked a bunch of flowers into their top knots. Women loved to decorate themselves with flowers as well, and wreaths of scented flowers hung from their ears. Their brows were also adorned with wreaths and heavy garlands of amarnath hung on their hips. Military Costume In previous centuries, except occasionally in the Satavahana age, there was no fixed uniform for the indigenous army. It was the Kushan army, well clad and equipped, that became the prototype on which the new military uniform of the Guptas was based. The king himself adopted the royal costume in formal occasions as status symbol. In early period the Gupta soldier had worn the antariya with his bare chest inadequately covered by the six jewel-striped. This evolved into the more efficient foreign-influenced with trousers or short drawers, , and high boots, with a helmet or cap, and sometimes a fillet to tie back the hair. Later the soldier’s uniform was either a shortor-long-sleeved knee-length tunic, kancuka, which had a centre front opening with V-shaped or round neck. The tunics were sometimes spotted with black aloe wood paste, which could be a type of tie-dye, oras it is known today. This may have been their version of the camouflage on military uniforms. It is possible that these tunics were worn over a brief antariyas, as the foot soldiers seldom wore trousers to cover their bare legs. Instead of knee-length kancuka a short tight-fitting blouse,, was sometimes worn with the short antariya. Around the waist, the kayabandh could be wound once or twice, holding a short dagger or curved sword. Shields were curved or rectangular, the former sometimes decorated with a dragon’s head. Some soldiers continued to wear only the short which was often striped, and with this indigenous garment the wheel-type disc earring were still worn. Head-dresses were normally a simple skull cap or just a scarf or cloth wound around the head like a turban. The cavalry wore a more elaborate dress, closer in style to the original Parthian-Kushan dress being a mid-calf length quilted coat with long ruched sleeves. With this was worn a fillet or head band, or sometimes a white turban. Others in the cavalry wore more colorful and diverse garments. Mid-thigh length tunics of brocade or printed cloth (for example, yellow with blue dots, green with checks in which a flowered motif was set in each compartment, or yellow with a pattern of birds, rosettes, lozenge shapes mainly in blue, yellow ochre or white), trousers and an a bossed flowers, completed their very colorful uniforms. The elephant drivers were picturesque in their short-sleeved tight-fitting with decorative bands at the neck, hem, and sleeves. With this were worn short drawers of plain or gold-striped cloth and a skull cap or scarf on the head. The king himself, when attired for battle wore a short, tight – sleeved and an elaborate turban with serpent. His bodyguard carried curved swords like the Nepalese and shields of rhinoceros hide in checked designs. His sword-bearer wore a patterned tight tunic with pointed ends reaching to the knees, and the wound twice around the waist. The leaders or chieftains of the various contingents in the army were decked in pearl-embroidered tunics made from the famous cloth of origin and chaddars of many colors, or in the complete Central Asian outfit consisting of a dark blue quilted tunics with a V-shaped neck and long full sleeves with soft dark trousers and a saffron turban of Indian origin instead of Central Asian conical cap. Armour was worn as further protection. It was known as the probably of Chinese origin. It was sleeveless covering the front and back, and was made of metal. A helmet for soldiers was known asmissi . 08/08/11 12:57 AM 08/08/11 12:57 AM