Law of Chemical Equilibrium (Definition)

When a chemical reaction is at equilibrium, the concentration of the reactants and the products remains the same over time. In other words, the forward and reverse chemical reaction are the same. Note: this does not mean the concentration of reactants and products is the same. There is a law that relates the concentration of reactants and products to the equilibrium constant: Law of Chemical Equilibrium Definition The Law of Chemical Equilibrium is a relation stating that in a reaction mixture at equilibrium, there is a condition (given by the equilibrium constant, Kc) relating the concentrations of the reactants and products. For the reactionaA(g) bB(g) ↔ cC(g) dD(g),Kc [ C ]c ·[ D ]d / [ A ]a ·[ B ]b Equilibrium Constant Example For example, for the chemical reaction: 2HI(g) ⇆ H2 I2(g) The equilibrium constant would be calculated by: Kc ([H2][I2] )/ [HI]2

An Examination of Capital Punishment Essay - 1389 Words

Capital punishment also known as the death penalty is when a person who has been convicted by the court of law can be sentenced to death. This occurs when a defendant is being tried with a criminal offense; such as the conscious murder of a peace officer on active duty, or a federal agent. This punishment has been a constant debate throughout our history. People claim it to be unjust or a cruel and unusual punishment, while another part of our population claims that this consequence is not used enough. Capital punishment is not a problem only here but around the world as well; there is constant arguing and debates, here and around the globe, about the moralities of this punishment. This has been an unsurpassable struggle from the†¦show more content†¦In fact, Parliament had voted to abolish capital punishment in 1965, it was viewed as the â€Å"emblematic of the 1960s, part of a shift towards a more permissive society† (Homans,2008,43). Although they outlawed capital punishment they did not change the public opinion on the matter. In fact the majority of the public happened to be opposed to the abolition. From 1861 onwards there were only four crimes that could be charged with capital punishment it includes: â€Å"murder, treason, piracy with violence, and arson in government dockyards and arsenals† (Holmans,2008,43). Although, the only one which was being actively enforced and charged with the death penalty was, murder. The only reason it was really enforced for murders is because judges believed that murders lost their right to live due to the fact they took a life. Because every murderer is at times very different the public opinion took note of it therefore many murders were pardoned by the Home Secretary and given the royal privilege of mercy. This did not change until 1957. Parliamentary abolitionists were supported by groups such as the Howard League for Penal Reform and the National Council for the Abolition of the Death Penalty o r NCADP. It had been established in 1923. A woman established this organization because of the murder of her husband by her lover. During the 1920s people began to question the deterrent effect of the death penalty in the many cases viewing them on a case by case basis trying toShow MoreRelatedProposal Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment1255 Words   |  6 PagesProposal Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment Proposal Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Capital Punishment By: Richard Dilay Proposal I am proposing writing a research paper on the contemporary issue of capital punishment. While, capital punishment has been outlawed in Canada, it still remains a viable option in most parts of the World, including some areas of the United States. 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Virginia theRead More The Benefits of Capital Punishment Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Capital Punishment Justice is about enforcing consequences for one’s own actions to endorse personal responsibility and the notion of capital punishment does just that. Capital punishment is an effective and efficient method of deterring would be criminals and preventing criminals to commit more crimes. It is by far the oldest form of punishment in the world and remains in effect in many nations. Through discussing many arguments in support of capital punishment it is obviousRead MoreCapital Punishment Should be Abolished883 Words   |  4 Pages Capital punishment is the punishment of death for a crime given by the state. It is used for a variety of crimes such as murder, drug trafficking and treason. Many countries also have the death penalty for sexual crimes such as rape, incest and adultery. The lethal injection, the electric chair, hanging and stoning are all methods of execution used throughout the world. Capital punishment has been around since ancient times; it was used in ancient Rome, and one of the most famous people to be crucifiedRead MorePunishing Criminals by Death Will Deter Future Crimes...or Not?1216 Words   |  5 Pagesof justice. The essay states some of the research that has been conducted with the intention of proving that capital punishment can deter crimes. This paper points out the effects and imposition of capital punishments on criminal activities. The paper finally makes a conclusion on the issue of capital punishment as deterrence. Introduction Many people assume that punishment by death will prevent crime, but if that was true then crimes would not have been committed in the dread thatRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Ultimate Torture Method Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment has been used as a penalty for criminal behavior for many years; however, its’ utilization has not been constant throughout American history. The basis of capital punishment has undergone a number of changes and improvements in the past, essentially alternating in and out of public favor. At its’ start, capital punishment was ultimately used as a means of torture. Criminals were bludgeoned, boiled, burned, torn apart by animals, etc.—it was an ultimate torture method. ThroughoutRead MoreTheories of Capital Structure1053 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment: Capital Structure PART A 1. Apple Corporation has 2.5 million shares outstanding with a market value of $2.00 each (expected return = 16%) and debt with a market value of $1, 000,000 and a return of 10% Required a. What is the return on the capital of Apple Corporation? [Show all workings and formulae) [7.5 marks] 2. Samsung generates pre-tax earnings of $2,000,000 per year. Currently it has issued 1 million shares which sell for $10 each. Samsung has no debt inRead MoreEssay about The High Cost of Capital Punishment855 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy that was done in Colorado that concluded that capital proceedings on average require one hundred and twenty three more days than a life without parole case. (Marceau, 2013) This case also noted that it takes about two days to select a jury for a life without parole case while it takes about 30 days to select a jury for a capital case. All together the proceedings for a life without parole case takes around days while the proceedings for a capital case takes nearly 4 years to conduct. Since 1978

Impact of Multinational Corporations on Well Being in the Developing C

Question: Describe about the Impact of Multinational Corporations on Well Being in the Developing Countries? Answer: Introduction: A Multinational Corporation (MNC) is an organization that is involved in business with more than a country. The other names that are used to refer MNC are international corporation, global giant and transnational corporation. Multinational corporation, according to the United Nations, is an organization that acquires or controls production or service facilities other than the country in which it is based. MNCs home country has its headquarters and its host countries operates business across the world. The various activities of the MNCs are exporting, importing, manufacturing in different countries. It may also impart patents, licenses and managerial services to firms situated in the host countries. A developing country is characterized with a low standard of living, underdeveloped industrial base and with a low Human Development Index compared to other countries. Developing countries are a non industrialized poor country that needs an opportunity to develop and expand its resources b y the process of industrialization. With the advent of globalization and Industrial Revolution, more of developing countries are attracting the multinational corporations to generate business in the countries to increase the general standard of living and status of the developing countries. To understand the importance of MNCs in the developing countries we need to answer the questions: What is an MNC and its role and objectives? What is meant by well being and its indicators? (Burchi De Muro, 2015) Objectives: MNCs are aimed to make investments in different countries to: Obtain tax benefits in host countries. Utilize and exploit the resources of the host country. Acquire the advantages of government concessions in host country. Alleviate the impact of regulations in home country. Utilization of cheap labour and low transportation expenses in order to reduce cost of production in the host country. Gain a dominant position in foreign markets. Enlarge activities vertically. (Giuliani Macchi, 2013) (Soni, 2015) Well being and its indicators: Well being is defined as the process of how people feel and how they function either personally or socially and people evaluate their lives. The concept of how people feel is in the form of emotions like happiness and sorrow or anxiety, by people function in which they get connected to the rest of the world. The concept of how people evaluate themselves lies in the fact that each people has a level of satisfaction which is defined by the standard of living, utilizing the basic necessities of life like food, clothing and shelter, and also how they rate themselves in comparison to the best possible lifestyle. Now the economic well being is a much wider concept which not only includes the emotions, satisfaction or the rating of individuals based on their lifestyle, but also has a much deeper meaning when it comes to measuring the economic well being at an national level. To understand this economic well being at the national level, it is important to understand the basic indicators of t he economic well being. We shall define it further. Indicators: 1. GDP per head (Real Gross Domestic Product per capita)- the growth in GDP is an indicator of economic well being but what is to be kept in mind is the growth in population by considering GDP per head. 2. Real NNDI per capita (Real Net National Disposable Income per capita)- this is the total income available to residents of a country. This reflects the standard of living of the residents thereby indicates the measure of well being. 3. Household Income per head- all the incomes of the economy is not comprised of only household but the incomes are also generated by the firms and government. 4. Unemployment rate- unemployment has always been used as the measure to indicate the state of any economy. Thus the rate of unemployment can be considered as the indicator of well being. 5. Inflation rate- (Consumer Price Index)- inflation impacts the household and net wealth of the nation. Thus to measure the economic well being, it is necessary to take into accout the inflation rate. 6. Human Development Index- this index includes areas like education, health and income. HDI is calculated based on the per capita income, life expectancy rate and gross enrollment ratio to schools. Thus HDI is the perfect indicator to the economic and national well being. (Soni, 2015) Impact of mncs on the well being in the developing countries: Developing countries need the scope to develop and expand. In achieving this most of them are attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The governments of these developing countries are in the constant urge to attract the multinational corporation with the view that such extracting would benefit the economy. MNCs are considered to be the channels of generating, employment and bring about important changes in the technology, help the local firms to increase their productivity and potentiality to export. MNCs play a very important role to diversify and improve the level of economic development within the economy. Let us consider a developing nation, India and the impact of MNC on Indias well being. India, since 1991, India has experienced an upsurge within the economy in the presence of MNCs and with this there was tremendous increase in the amount of FDI. The adoption of new economic policy by India in 1991 has three characteristics: opening up of the market to global markets, reduction in import tariffs and state intervention in domestic policy making. In the presence of MNCs India had accumulated around $56.6 billion in FDI contracts from 1991 to 1998. He crisis in 2991, led the growth rate at 1.2% but by 1995-1996, the growth rate reached7.1%-7.5% respectively. Also with liberalization, there was an increase in employment as MNCs created a lot of Jobs. This also increased the requirement of NDDI per capita and real GDP per capita. Thereby increasing the level of standard of living and thus incorporated the economic well being. Since people now have more money to spend, they can available better education, health and better standard of living. (Business.mapsofindia.com, 2015 ) (EMDE, 1999) Data Of India: Inflation, Export Percentage, Gdp Growth And Fdi Net Inflows (1999, 2012, 2013) Indicators/Years 1991 2012 2013 Inflation consumer prices annual % 13.8702460850107 9.31244560487356 10.9076433121022 Export % of GDP 8.34784516438306 23.9962372282035 24.8151043451569 GDP growth annual percentage 1.05683143249473 4.73628815518559 5.01699449999728 FDI net inflows % of GDP 0.0267562982506533 1.29096182677634 1.50005718696361 Data Source: World Development Indicator, World Bank. The data reveals that after 1991, the some of the economic well being indicators rapidly increased till 2013 in India. (Data.worldbank.org, 2015) Conclusion: The impact of MNCs on the well being of the developing countries is diverse and is augmenting. With the globalization and industrialization, all the developing countries are able to generate jobs, reduce inflation rate, establish GDP growth and improve the status of these developing countries HDI. All these indicators tells us that the economic well being of the developing countries is much more appealing. (OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, 2015) References Burchi, F. and De Muro, P. (2015). Measuring Human Development in a High-Income Country: A Conceptual Framework for Well-Being Indicators.Forum for Social Economics, pp.1-19. Business.mapsofindia.com, (2015).Sectorwise Analysis of FDI Inflow in India. [online] Available at: https://business.mapsofindia.com/fdi-india/sectors/ [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015]. Data.worldbank.org, (2015).India | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/india [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015]. EMDE, M. (1999).AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF MNC ON INDIA SINCE LIBERALIZATION. [online] https://artsandscience.usask.ca/. Available at: https://artsandscience.usask.ca/economics/skjournal/sej-2nd/sej2-emde.pdf [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015]. Giuliani, E. and Macchi, C. (2013). Multinational corporations' economic and human rights impacts on developing countries: a review and research agenda.Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38(2), pp.479-517. Hansen, M., Pedersen, T. and Petersen, B. (n.d.). MNC Strategies and Linkage Effects in Developing Countries.SSRN Journal. OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, (2015).Post-2015 MDGs. LONDON: OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE. Soni, S. (2015).Essay on the Meaning and Definition of Multinational Company. [online] Preservearticles.com. Available at: https://www.preservearticles.com/2012010319696/essay-on-the-meaning-and-definitionof-multinational-company.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015].

Public Sector vs. Private Sector Budgeting

A budget is a financial list of all planned expenses and revenues. It shows saving, borrowing and spending habits. The budget of a government summarizes all intended plans of revenues as well as expenditures. It consists of a plan developed in monetary values (Cooper, 2006: 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Sector vs. Private Sector Budgeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Budgeting keeps economies active. It is worth noting that the budgeting process is a system of financial planning and management that guides both public and private sectors within the economy. Private and non-governmental organizations have established financial departments that are charged with the responsibility of drawing the financial plan for every financial period. In the same manner, various governments around the world also have finance ministries which are tasked to provide financial roadmap for the government’s spen ding activities within a given year. In the light of the above, budgetary processes of the private sector still emerge to be better than the public sector especially based on the principles governing both budgetary processes. The budgeting process in the private sector is systematic and strict. Usually, private organizations engage in budgeting processes once in a year. In this context, various leaders within different departments in the organization are charged with the task of developing the budgetary estimates for their respective departments. These leaders are then supposed to submit their budgetary proposals to the top level management for consideration and approval. Once the executive arm of the organization receives the proposals, thorough analysis is done to the proposals from every department. Since the organization is guided by a series of principles and culture, the budgetary proposals are approved based on such terms. As a result, there are high chances of fairness to al l the departments as concerns their budgetary proposals. Similarly, the executive branch of the organization ensures that only pertinent elements within all the budgetary proposals from the departments are approved based on the policies within organization. This means that chances of equality and fairness are high in private sectors (Fry, Brian and Raadschelders, 2008: 78-79)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, budgeting processes in the public sectors are often unstable and full of partiality. Since governments are composed of three arms (legislature, executive and judiciary), the budgetary processes often encounter a lot of challenges. In as much as the executive branch tasks the financial department to develop a budget for a nation, several procedures are often observed leading to low levels of implementation of the proposed budgets (Denhardt, 2003: 56-58). As a matter of fact, the proposal produced by the financial department has to be exposed for review, scrutiny and criticism by the legislative. It is in such contexts that various legislators with selfish interests underscore various proposals that are unsuitable for them. As a result, pertinent and helpful budgetary proposals are disregarded by most legislators. This is due to the fact that the legislators can institute or amend laws to cancel various budgetary proposals. It is worth noting that all the arms of the government are often misguided by political interest. As a result, the budgetary processes in the public sector are majorly unstable and full of partiality. Secondly, the system of budgeting in private sector is highly controlled thus eliminating any elements of mistakes. This is because any proposals provided by a department that are contrary to the company’s policies would automatically be ignored. As a result, an organization manages to plan within its financi al means and estimates. This is contrary to the public sector which has various centers of power thus making it difficult to control spending on various elements in the budget. Since the government is three-armed, the issue of controlling various pertinent and unnecessary elements of the budget becomes overly difficult. As a result, the budget is error prone (Mckevitt and Lawton, 1994: 112-114). In consideration of the above differences, it is clear that the public sector needs to learn from the private sector. Indeed, the public sector should strictness and properly enforced policies to govern the budgetary process. All the arms of government need to set up independent committees tasked with analyzing and verifying the budgetary proposals produced by the treasury department.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Sector vs. Private Sector Budgeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process will protect the budget from political influences as well as selfish goals by various arms of government. In order to establish success in most public sectors, financial budgeting needs to be free from any political and individual interests. The needs of the nation have to be prioritized accordingly. Secondly, a regulatory commission should be established by the government to eliminate errors and overspending. Unlike private sectors that are controlled by a team of executives, the public sector lack definite regulatory systems. As a result, public sector is often prone to overspending and high tax cuts to ordinary citizens in a bid to meet the budgetary costs (Shafreitz and Hyde, 2008: 56-67). Therefore, successful budgeting in the public sector should be governed by an independent impartial regulatory commission that will eliminate all errors. Such a commission will also ensure that the government stays on-course within its budgetary means to avoid overspending and borrowing. In conclusion, budgeta ry processes of the private sector still emerge to be better than the public sector especially based on the principles governing both budgetary processes. This is because the private sector is systematic and strict. In addition, it is highly controlled thus eliminating any elements of mistakes. As a result, the public sector needs to set up independent committees tasked with analyzing and verifying the budgetary proposals produced by the treasury department in order to match the success of the private sector. In addition, a regulatory commission should be established by the government to eliminate errors and overspending. Bibliography Cooper, Phillip J. Public Law Public Administration 4th Ed. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Denhardt, Robert. Theories of Public Organization by 6th Ed. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2003.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fry, Brian R., and Raadschelders Jos C.N. Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo, 2nd Ed. Boston: CQ Press, 2008. Mckevitt, David, and Lawton Alan. Public Sector Management Theory, Critique and Practice. London: Sage Publication Ltd., 1994. Shafreitz, Jay M., and Hyde Albert C. Classics of Public Administration, 6th Ed. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2008. This essay on Public Sector vs. Private Sector Budgeting was written and submitted by user Jair H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.