Are there any ways Essay Example for Free

Are there any ways Essay Are there any ways in which you consider that experiences conveyed by the sonnets, by pre-20th century poets differ from those conveyed by the writers of modern sonnets? Â  Are there any similarities? Â  You must consider two pre-20th sonnets. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen lines with a very formal rhyme scheme, they usually express thought, mood, or feeling, and these ideas are usually resolved or summarised in the last lines of the poem. The two main forms of the sonnet are the Petrarchan, which consists of an octave, or eight-line stanza, and a sestet, a six-line stanza. The octave has two quatrains, rhyming a b b a, a b b a; the first quatrain presents theme, the second develops it. The sestet is built on two or three different rhymes, and arranged either c d e c d e, or c d c d c d, or c d e d c d; the first three lines exemplify or reflect on the theme, and the last three lines bring the whole poem to a unified close. Among great examples of the Petrarchan sonnet in the English language are Sir Philip Sidneys sonnet sequence Astriphel and Stella (1591), which established the form in the England, and was incredibly popular during the Elizabethan era. The English, or Shakespearean sonnet, exemplified by the work of Shakespeare, developed as a variation to a language less rich in rhymes than in Italian. This form differs from the Petrarchan; it divides into three quatrains, each rhymed differently, with a final, independently rhymed couplet, which makes an effective, unifying climax to the whole. The rhyme scheme is a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g. The two pre-20th century sonnets I have chosen are both Shakespearean sonnets Let me not to the marriage of true minds and Shall I compare thee to a summers day? I decided to chose these two Shakespearean sonnets because of the good use of imagery within both sonnets, and I thought that they where the most descriptive of those of which we analysed. I also thought Shakespeare had conveyed his feelings and emotions effectively within both the sonnets; especially Shall I compare thee to a summers day? I chose They say I should not wait about your street by Diana Hendry as my post-20th century sonnet. I found that this was the most interesting of the three post-20th century poems. Hendry uses imagery in an effective way, and the language within the sonnet resembles the games, which the women encourage her to play. Shall I compare thee to a summers day is about the beauty Shakespeare sees in a certain person, the other sonnet, Let me not to the marriage of true minds conveys the theme of true love. Whereas the post-20th century sonnet They say I should not wait about your street is about love, and the expectations other women have about feelings, which are expressed. All three sonnets have the same Shakespearean structure, and they all summarise their feelings about the chosen theme within the last two lines. They say I should not wait about your street is a poem, which is structured with the first stanza portraying the views of other women, and the second stanza revealing the view of the woman herself. Hendry uses colloquial language to convey the theme of the sonnet, this may be so that people can understand her situation, and try to relate to it. Hendry begins the sonnet with the view and opinion of another person, the first few lines express the way women are subservient towards the men; Or go to places where by chance well meet. Or hold your hand unless you as me to. These two lines demonstrate the way women try to appeal to men; acting in certain ways, or doing certain things that may make them feel uncomfortable. It also gives the impression that men have control over the relationship as the like to. Hendry portrays these two lines with the sense of weariness, suggesting she is uncomfortable and new to this way of thinking. She continuous to use this tone within the first stanza of the sonnet, referring to the way the women tell her what to do; They say I should emphasise my waist. And cultivate the arts that make men thirst: These lines demonstrate the things women do to tease men, trying to get attention from them, and this also suggests that the main aim of the women is to get a husband, relating back to the pre-20th century view that women had. The last two lines of the first stanza explain in more detail the way that women play games to encourage men to have feelings for them, but encourage her not to show any feelings for the men. The games that the women play demonstrate a childish approach to an adult relationship; Should learn to waken lust and yet stay chaste And should never say I love you first In some ways the final line suggests that the women are just trying to protect her from a disappointment. But I would come to you clear-eyed and plain My treasures in a kerchief wrapped The abrupt change of the tone is heard in the first word, the tone is more certain and definite, as well as straight forward and clear, this reflects what is expressed in the first line, she is love, and will not play games, but will tell the person how she feels in a clear and simple way. This line also suggests she will come as herself with no make-up or masks to hide her. The treasures she brings are not important to others, but are to her; this displays her innocent, pure nature, but also demonstrates a childish aspect of her, such as a weakness. Id give the first primrose, a daisy chain, A lucky stone, my heart for your tattoo. These two lines display her lack of maturity and innocence further. The first primrose is a reflection of spring, and the feelings of her first love like the first primrose of spring. She expresses her love further when she declares that she would give up her heart for his love. The childish items that she would trade for his love are insignificant to other people, but have a lot of sentimental value to her. And when, in time, they say we told you so, My truth Ill have and they their status quo. This final couplet expresses how she feels about the love the man has for her, that he does not feel the same way she does, this also displays how insecure their relationship is. This demonstrates her mature aspect, and is sure she will know the truth about her feelings. The women will tell her she made a mistake, and that they were right, and know that their approaches to relationships are correct. The woman will have learnt from her mistake, and not let it happen again. Shakespeares sonnet; Shall I compare thee to a summers day? is about the beauty of a love; Shakespeare uses traditional Elizabethan language of the time. The sonnet begins with a rhetorical question, which dismissed, and the thought is expressed in further detail; Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Shakespeare decides that the person is lovelier than a summers day, and explains that the person does not change rapidly, this could be a reflection of the individuals personality; they are tolerant, and fair. These first lines give images of warmth and light, and contrast with the next line; Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: The first words give a brutal tone, which soften by the end of the line, when references of spring are brought to it. The darling buds of May express vulnerability, this line also tries to find a fault with the summer. The colon at the end of the fourth line suggests an expansion of the original idea. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmd: And every fair from fair some time declined, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmd The first line refers to the sun; this is a very effective metaphor, suggesting that the sun is wrong in shining too hot. The third line implies that when the sunsets the beauty of people will decline with age. This quatrain focus on the effect of age on beauty and the tone is unchanging from the first quatrain. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst: Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growst. Shakespeare uses a counter mount, and uses imagery within this quatrain. Shakespeare is convinced that the person will not loose their beauty, and death is unable to overshadow him, wrinkles will also not affect his beauty. These lines suggest that time, age nor death can change the beauty of the person, conveying that the person is almost beyond human beauty. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. These last two lines contain words that are all mono-symbolic; giving a sense of power and simplicity. A factual tone is used, emphasising the length of the two lines, and the slow pace chosen. The tone also inflicts the idea that the statement cannot be contradicted, and the two lines give the sonnet a balance when read. The repetition of the words So long in both lines emphasise the point made; the beauty is always present. Let me not the marriage of true minds is a sonnet about true love which never dies. The sonnet makes some strong links with the church and marriage. There are many images described within the sonnet; Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments: love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove. The use of the word impediments is mentioned in a marriage service, and the third line describes unfaithfulness within a marriage. Alters encourage links with the church, and therefore encourage images of love, and never-ending love. It is the star to every wandering bark, Whose worth is unknown although his height be taken. These two lines refer to stars and guiding of the lost, this gives images of the North Star guiding people home. In addition, navigators use the stars for guidance, because they are constant. The star is also personified, with the height of it commented upon. Within his bending sickles compass come This line emphasises the sickle, a curved blade, which, in this context, would be associated with death. A strong image of hell is revealed, in contrast to the church images received from the first few lines. But bears it out even to the edge of doom The image of hell is resumed in this line, and the use of the word doomed conveys never-ending, forever. The line also implies that true love will still be love even through the bad times, and that love makes you a stronger person. If this be error and upon me provd, I never writ, nor no man ever lovd. Shakespeare is so confident in true love he expresses it in these last two lines, when he implies that if he is wrong then no man has ever loved. These last lines are hyperbole, exaggerated for effect. The sonnet has a constant factual tone, and uses iambic pentameter, which is used in all Shakespearean sonnets. The themes in the pre-20th century compared to the post 20th century sonnet have not changed dramatically; love is still seen to over-power what people say. Beauty is still an element in love, and when you are in love the person is always beautiful to you. Shakespeare suggests that true love is forever, and Hendry also believes this, as in her sonnet she expresses her love, but knows that it is not true love, as he does not feel the same way about her. The language between the three sonnets have not changed, they have been written so that they can be understood, they language is suitable in the era that they have been written in. The language used by Shakespeare seems incomprehensible to us, because language has changed so much since the Elizabethan times. To conclude I think that the experiences conveyed through the sonnets by pre-20th century writers do not differ from those conveyed by post-20th century poets, but are conveyed in different ways within the sonnets. Diana Hendry writes of her experience in an unusual way, keeping the Shakespearean structure, but changing the mood into a complicating and confusing one. Her poem gives the impression that at the present time people are confused and uncertain of their feelings. Shakespeare writes his poems in his traditional way, declaring his love for the person, doing it in the way which reflects his nature, and also the true meaning of love. He also insinuates that people in the Elizabethan times were more conscious of what love is, and how to express their feelings. This suggests that people were simpler, and less confused with materialistic things, which could influence our decisions.

Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe: The Tell-Tale Heart What Should the Killer’s Punishment Be?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator describes the brutal murder of his roommate, while constantly pleading his case of sanity. Through this, we come to realize that the narrator is nothing other than insane. Although the narrator is insane, he committed a grotesque murder and should pay for what he did. In a case like this, although the person is insane, you want to give them a cruel and unjust sentence, like the cruel and unjust murder they committed. Criminals and insane people are both a threat to themselves and society but in different ways, which is why there is jail for criminals and insane asylums for psychopaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tell-Tale Heart illustrates the human spirit of the narrator as a mysterious and inexplicable force. After reading the first paragraph of the story, I have already decided that the narrator is, in fact, insane. â€Å"I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell† (Poe 1). Anyone who earnestly states that they heard things in heaven and hell clearly is not in their right mind. The narrator then tries proving his sanity due to the fact that he can tell the whole story calmly; this in fact does the opposite. Anyone who can tell the story of police coming in the middle of the night about a murder calmly is strange. â€Å"Hearken! And observe how healthily, how calmly, I can tell you the whole story† (Poe 1). So far, everything he says proves that he is insane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The perpetrator states clearly that he enjoys the act of killing. â€Å"In an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him, I then smiled gaily, to find the deed so far gone† (Poe 2). Not only does he kill the old man because of an infected eye, but he also dismembers the body. He also brags of how neat he was and seems very proud of this. He is clearly not in his right mind; his acts are shocking. When the police arrive, the narrator invites them in for coffee, where they drink the coffee in the roommates’ room right above the dead, mangled body. Anyone who was trying to get away with murder clearly would not do any of the above.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have concluded that the narrator is guilty, but is also insane.

Descarte’s Causal Argument

Descartes casts everything into doubt in the first meditation, including God Himself. He then comes to this disproval of this theory therefore concluding that God exists. This is brought about through the causal argument. Desartes begins this argument with the causal principle. This principle states that there must be at least as much reality in the effcient and total cause as in the effect of the cause. Therefore a cause is essential for an effect, meaning that a cause must have as much reality as an effect if not more. Descartes then applies this principle to ideas.He establishes 2 realities; formal reality and objective reality. Formal reality refers to that what makes an object, what the object is made of. Formal realities can be any of the hierarchy of being- infinite substance, finite substance and mode. For instance the formal reality of a bag is finite, thus a bag is a finite substance. Objective reality refers to ideas only. It is therefore the formal reality of the thing re presenting the idea. Lets take â€Å" the idea of a bag†. All ideas have the formal reality of a mode therefore its formal reality is that of a mode.On the other hand, the objective reality of â€Å"the idea of a bag† is a finite substance. This is because a bag in itself is a finite substance and because it is an idea, its objective reality is finite. Hence it maybe understood that only ideas of things can have objective realities; a bag (for example) in itself can only have a formal reality while the idea of a bag (for example) can have both formal reality and objective. Descartes henceforth distinguishes between formal and objective realities as previously stated. This then leads Descartes to put the causal principle and ideas together, establishing causal principle ideas.Descartes asks if the cause of the idea of something can be a mode. As stated above, the cause of an effect must have more reality that the effect itself. An idea of something has the formal realit y of a mode yet the objective reality of the â€Å"something†. Thus, if the example of the bag is used, the idea of a bag has the objective reality of a finite substance. So taking the causal principle into perspective, the cause of this idea must be either a finite substance or an infinite substance because the cause must have the same or a higher reality. If we then ask the question â€Å"can the cause of the idea of a bag be a mode?†The answer would be no. The reason being that the idea of a bag has an objective reality of a finite substance so the cause must indeed be finite or infinite. The essence of the Causal Argument is then discussed after all this was established. Descartes brings up the idea of God and questions it. He had put even God into doubt in Meditation 1 and this argument is resurfaced in Meditation 3. â€Å"The idea of God† , as every idea, has the formal reality of a mode yet its objective reality is unique. It has the objective reality of an infinite substance.An infinite substance in itself refers to God. Due to these facts, Descartes himself, or any human for that matter, cannot be the cause of such an idea because they are finite substances which has less reality than an infinite substance. Hence, Descartes concludes that only God Himself can be the cause of the idea of God because an infinite substance is the only possible cause to an idea of the objective reality of an infinite substance. This is Descartes proof of the existence of God. Through further reference to Descartes’ first meditation, this eliminates any doubts of God.Descartes states that whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived is true and God is good. Hence, the evil demon theory in the first meditation is eliminated. If God is good then we cannot be being deceived by an evil demon because God would not let us be deceived like that. Through â€Å"whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived is true†, we understand that we are not dr eaming, we are existing and living. Descartes builds the rest of his meditations on this. Before everything was cast into doubt, now the truths are being revealed through these foundations.

Cloud Atlas And The Horrible Ordeal Of Timothy Cavendish

Time is â€Å"the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present and future regarded as a whole† (Oxford Dictionary). David Mitchell uses his novel Cloud Atlas to explore this complicated concept gravely. Even through the way the novel is laid out (in layers with only half of each story given at first), each story noticeably intersects and interacts with shared characters – either in the flesh or the reincarnations of them. Similarly, this layout exhibits an attempt at postmodernist ideas as well as metafictional ideas as the stories and ideas constantly overlap even when they are in different time frames. In Cloud Atlas, the stories and protagonists within â€Å"Half-Lives: The First Luisa Rey Mystery† and â€Å"The Ghastly Ordeal of Timothy Cavendish† further enhance the greater novel’s concept of time through various measures. These measures include the simple use of language, the exploration of reincarnation, the race against time, and memories and how our remembrance of them affects us. Mitchell’s choice of tense and narration exemplifies how time and timelines affect each story. Luisa Rey’s story is told in the present tense in the third person. However, this story also incorporates focalization shifts and point of view changes between characters. For Example, chapter seventeen is told from Sixsmith’s perspective while the chapter following is told from Bill Smoke’s perspective. In Chapter 17, Sixsmith notices that the window of his room is open and that